A Headframe[1] or Gallows Frame[2] or Winding Tower[3] or Hoist Frame[3] or Pit Frame[3] or Shafthead Frame[3] or Headgear[3] is the structural frame above an underground mine shaft Shaft mining or Shaft sinking refers to the method of excavating a vertical or near-vertical tunnel from the top down, where there is initially no access to the bottom. When the top of the excavation is the ground surface, it is referred to as a shaft, when the top of the excavation is underground, it is called a winze.[2] Modern headframes are built out of steel, concrete or a combination of both. Timber headframes are no longer used in industrialized countries The term developed country is used to describe countries that have a high level of development according to some criteria. Which criteria, and which countries are classified as being developed, is a contentious issue and is surrounded by fierce debate. Economic criteria have tended to dominate discussions. One such criterion is income per capita;, but are still used in developing nations Developing country is a term generally used to describe a nation with a low level of material well being. There is no single internationally-recognized definition of developed country, and the levels of development may vary widely within so-called developing countries, with some developing countries having high average standards of living. Traditionally steel headframes are used when a drum hoist is employed, and concrete headframes are built for friction hoists, however a steel headframe can be used with a friction hoist for shafts with a smaller capacity and depth.[1]
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Benefits of steel headframes
Headframe of the #1 Shaft at Oyuu TolgoiA steel headframe is less expensive than a concrete headframe providing the height (defined as the vertical distance from the collar elevation to the center-line of the highest head sheave A pulley, also called a sheave or a drum, is a mechanism composed of a wheel on an axle or shaft that may have a groove between two flanges around its circumference. A rope, cable, belt, or chain usually runs over the wheel and inside the groove, if present. Pulleys are used to change the direction of an applied force, transmit rotational motion,) does not exceed 50m. Steel headframes are more adaptable to modifications (making any construction errors easier to remedy), and are considerably lighter, requiring less substantial foundations. As steel headframes are easier to design, they have the potential to utilize "off the shelf Commercial, off-the-shelf or simply off the shelf (OTS, which may also include free software) computer software or hardware, technology, or computer products, are ready-made and available for sale, lease, or license to the general public. They are often used as alternatives to in-house developments or one-off government-funded developments. The" design tools. Construction of a steel headframe can be easily interrupted and restarted if necessary for statutory holidays or bad weather, where slip forming concrete is not. Upon mine closure and mine reclamation a steel headframe is easier to demolish and may have value as scrap metal Scrap is a term used to describe recyclable materials left over from every manner of product consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Often confused with waste, scrap in fact has significant monetary value. Overall, the scrap industry processes more than 145,000,000 short tons [original research?] of.[1]
A recently erected steel headgear in the Zamabian copper belt town of Chililemombwe at the Konkola number 4 shaft, has total height of 81 metres to the top of the maintenance crane rail, with the centre-line of the head sheaves at 71 metres above collar, making it highest steel headgear in Africa.
Benefits of concrete headframes
The enclosed #2 Headframe (left) and the Hoist House (right) of the Quincy Mine The Quincy Mine is an extensive set of copper mines located near Hancock, Michigan. The mine was owned by the Quincy Mining Company and operated between 1846 and 1945, although some activities continued through the 1970s. The Quincy Mine was known as "Old Reliable," as the Quincy Mine Company paid a dividend to investors every year from 1Concrete headframes require less maintenance and are less susceptible to corrosion than steel headframes. There is much less waste of concrete during construction of a concrete headframe than there is of steel in construction of a steel headframe. Concrete headframes provide an enclosure upon construction, where steel headframes require cladding In metallurgy, cladding is the bonding together of dissimilar metals. It is distinct from welding or gluing as a method to fasten the metals together. Cladding is often achieved by extruding two metals through a die as well as pressing or rolling sheets together under high pressure and insulation to protect from weather. Concrete headframes are less susceptible to vibrations, and sway less during high winds. Concrete is usually more readily available than steel (except in remote locations), and the price is predictable, where fabricated steel prices can be volatile.[1]
Symbolism
Headframes have become prominent features in historic mining regions. The Ruhr district of Germany and the South Wales Valleys The South Wales Valleys are a number of industrialised valleys in South Wales, stretching from eastern Carmarthenshire in the west to western Monmouthshire in the east and from the Heads of the Valleys in the north to the lower-lying, pastoral country of the Vale of Glamorgan and the coastal plain around Swansea Bay, Bridgend, the capital Cardiff, in Britain are both examples of areas which are now associated with headframes due to the large number constructed to mine coal The goal of coal mining is to economically remove coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content, and since the 1880s is widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement production. In the United States, United Kingdom, and South Africa, a coal mine during the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The. Most of these headframes have now been removed although both regions have turned non-operating mines with headframes into national museums; the German Mining Museum in Bochum Bochum is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, western Germany. It is located in the Ruhr area and is surrounded by the cities of Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Herne, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund, Witten and Hattingen and Big Pit National Coal Museum in Blaenavon Blaenavon is a town and World Heritage Site in south eastern Wales, lying at the source of the Afon Llwyd north of Pontypool, within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire. The town lies high on a hillside and has a population of 6,349 people. Blaenavon means "river's source" in the Welsh language. Sporting teams from former coal mining regions such as Llanharan RFC and Cilfynydd RFC have headframes included in their club badges.
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d De la Vergne, Jack (2003). Hard Rock Miner's Handbook The Hard Rock Miner's Handbook is a reference book that deals with the underground hard rock mining industry. Written by Jack de la Vergne as a not for profit publication, the first edition was published in 2000 by McIntosh Engineering, a mining engineering consulting company. It is currently in its third printing, is used by thousands people in. Tempe: McIntosh Engineering. pp. 143–147. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 0-968006-1-6. http://www.mcintoshengineering.com/HardRockMinersHandbook/tabid/76/Default.aspx.
- ^ a b "A Pictorial Walk Through the 20th Century" (HTML). http://www.msha.gov/century/colliery/colliery.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ a b c d e Ernst, Dr.-Ing. Richard (1989). Wörterbuch der Industriellen Technik (5th ed.). Wiesbaden: Oscar Brandstetter, 1989. ISBN 3-87097-145-2
See also
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