Linz is the third-largest city of Austria Austria /ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/ (German: Österreich (help·info)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and and capital of the state Austria is a federal republic made up of nine states, known in German as Länder . Since Land is also the German word for a sovereign state, the term Bundesländer ("Federal States"; singular Bundesland) is often used instead to avoid ambiguity. The Constitution of Austria uses both terms. In US English, the term (Bundes)land is commonly of Upper Austria Upper Austria is one of the nine states or Bundesländer of Austria. Its capital is Linz. Upper Austria borders on Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as on the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria, and Salzburg. With an area of 11,980 km² and 1.3 million inhabitants, Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area (German German (Deutsch, [ˈdɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language, thus related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. It is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. Globally, German is spoken by approximately 120 million native speakers and also by about 80 million non-native speakers: Oberösterreich). It is located in the north centre of Austria, approximately 30 km south of the Czech The Czech Republic (pronounced /ˈtʃɛk/ chek; Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a country in Central Europe. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has been a border, on both sides of the river Danube The Danube is the longest river in the European Union and Europe's second longest river after the Volga. The population of the city is 189,284 (2009), and that of the Greater Linz conurbation A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urban agglomeration, in which transportation has developed to link areas to is 271,000.

Contents

History

Origins

The city was founded by the Romans The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean. The term is used to describe the Roman state during and after the time of the first emperor, Augustus, who called it Lentia.[1] The name Linz was first recorded in AD 799, after Bavarians Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪ.ɐn] ; Alemannic German: Freistaat Bayre; Austro-Bavarian: Freistoot Boarn), is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of the country. With an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), it is by far the largest German state by area, expanded south and Linz became a center of trade.[2]

Holy Roman Empire

It was a provincial and local government city of the Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire (HRE; German: Heiliges Römisches Reich , Latin: Imperium Romanum Sacrum (IRS), Italian: Sacro Romano Impero (SRI)) was for about a millennium a realm in Central Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in, and an important trading point connecting several routes, on either side of the river Danube The Danube is the longest river in the European Union and Europe's second longest river after the Volga from the East to the West and Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: Čechy; German: Böhmen ; Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague. In a broader meaning, it often refers to the entire Czech territory, and Poland Poland /ˈpəʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of from north to the Balkans The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia. The region has a combined area of 550,000 km2 (212,000 sq mi) and a population of 55 million people.[citation needed] and Italy to the south. Being the city where the Habsburg The House of Habsburg, often Anglicised as Hapsburg and sometimes referred to as the House of Austria, was one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian and Spanish Empires and several other countries Emperor An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress is the female equivalent. As a title, "empress" may indicate the wife of an emperor (empress consort) or a woman who rules in her own right (empress regnant). Emperors and empresses are generally recognized to be above Friedrich III spent his last years, it was, for a short period of time, the most important city in the empire.[3] It lost its status to Vienna Vienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area,[citation needed] more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and and Prague Prague (pronounced /ˈprɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha pronounced [ˈpraɦa] , see also other names) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Nicknames for Prague have included Praga mater urbium/Praha matka měst ("Prague – Mother of Cities") in Latin/Czech, Stověžatá Praha ("City of a Hundred Spires") in Czech or after the death of the Emperor in 1493. One important inhabitant of the city was Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution. He is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. They also provided one of the, who spent several years of his life in the city studying mathematics. He discovered, on 15 May 1618, the distance-cubed-over-time-squared — or 'third' — law of planetary motion In astronomy, Kepler's laws give an approximate description of the motion of planets around the Sun. The local public university, Johannes Kepler University, is named for him. Another famous citizen was Anton Bruckner Anton Bruckner was an Austrian composer known for his symphonies, masses, and motets. The former are considered emblematic of the final stage of Austro-German Romanticism because of their rich harmonic language, complex polyphony, and considerable length. Bruckner's compositions helped to define contemporary musical radicalism, owing to their, who spent the years between 1855 and 1868 working as a local composer and church organist in the city. The local concert hall "Brucknerhaus" and a local private music and arts university are named after him.

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and, after 1934, also head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler, ruling the was born in the border town of Braunau am Inn but moved to Linz in his childhood. Hitler spent most of his youth in the Linz area, from 1898 until 1907, when he left for Vienna Vienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area,[citation needed] more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and. The family lived first in the village of Leonding on the outskirts of town, and then in an apartment on the Humboldtstrasse in Linz itself. Hitler's parents are buried in Leonding. After elementary education in Leonding, Hitler was enrolled in the Realschule (school) in Linz, as was the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in the areas of logic, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of language.

Notorious Holocaust The Holocaust , also known as The Shoah (Hebrew: השואה, Romanized HaShoah; Yiddish: חורבן, Romanized Churben or Hurban) was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany.The genocide of these six million people was a genocide of two- architect Adolf Eichmann Otto Adolf Eichmann , sometimes referred to as "the architect of the Holocaust", was a Nazi and SS-Obersturmbannführer (equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel). Because of his organizational talents and ideological reliability, he was charged by Obergruppenführer (General) Reinhard Heydrich with the task of facilitating and managing the also spent his youth in Linz.

The association of the city with Hitler's childhood warranted an allusion in a poem by W.H. Auden Wystan Hugh Auden who signed his works W. H. Auden, was an Anglo-American poet, born in England, later an American citizen, regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. His work is noted for its stylistic and technical achievements, its engagement with moral and political issues, and its variety of tone, form and content, September 1, 1939 September 1, 1939 is a poem by W. H. Auden written on the occasion of the outbreak of World War II. It was first published in The New Republic, 18 October 1939, and was first published in book form in Auden's collection Another Time: "Accurate scholarship can/Unearth the whole offense/ From Luther until now/ That has driven a culture mad, Find what occurred at Linz...."

To the end of his life, Hitler considered Linz to be his "home town",[4] and envisioned extensive architectural schemes for it, wanting it to become the main cultural centre of the Third Reich. In order to make the city economically vibrant, Hitler initiated a major industrialization of Linz shortly before, and during, World War II. Many factories were dismantled in the newly-acquired Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945 the state did not have de facto existence, due to its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czechoslovak and then reassembled in Linz, including the Hermann-Göring-Werke (now voestalpine). In addition to an ordnance depot, Linz has a benzol (oil)[1] plant which was bombed during the Oil Campaign on 16 October 1944.

The Mauthausen-Gusen Mauthausen Concentration Camp and its sub Labor camp Gusen, combined to form the Mauthausen-Gusen Nazi concentration camp, were located near the villages of Mauthausen and Gusen in Upper Austria, roughly 20 kilometres east of the city of Linz, located near Linz, were the last Nazi Nazism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany. It was a unique variety of fascism that involved biological racism and anti-Semitism. Nazism presented itself as politically syncretic, incorporating policies, tactics and philosophies from right- and left-wing ideologies; in practice, Nazism was a far right form of concentration camps Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the meaning as: "The action of ‘interning’; confinement within the limits of a country or place". Most modern usage is about individuals, and there is a distinction between internment, which is being to be liberated by the Allies. While in operation, they were the source of quarrying for stone for Hitler's prestige projects across the Reich. The main camp in Mauthausen Mauthausen is a small market town in Upper Austria, Austria. It is located at about 20 kilometers east of the city of Linz, and has a population of 4,850 is just 25 kilometres (16 mi) away from Linz.

Austrian Civil War

Linz was key location in the Austrian Civil War. On 12 February 1934 the police arrived at the Hotel Schiff to search for weapons. This was a major facility for the SDAPÖ including their paramilitary force, the Schutzbund.

Post-World War II

After the war, the river Danube The Danube is the longest river in the European Union and Europe's second longest river after the Volga that runs through Linz — from the western side to the south-eastern side — which separates the Urfahr district in the north from the rest of Linz — served as the border between the Russian and American occupation troops. The Nibelungen bridge that spans the Danube The Danube is the longest river in the European Union and Europe's second longest river after the Volga river from the Hauptplatz (main square) was at that time Linz's version of Checkpoint Charlie. The Nibelungen Brücke with the two bridge head buildings is the only architectural plan Hitler ever carried out in Linz.

Population development

Church of Saints Michael and Ursula, Linz
Year Population
1900 83,356
1951 184,685
1961 195,978
1971 204,889
1981 199,910
1991 203,044
2001 183,504
2006 188,968

The agglomeration includes (parts of) 13 other municipalities with together 271,000 inhabitants. Linz is also part of the Linz-Wels-Steyr metropolitan area A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence, or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central cities and their zone of influence. One or more large cities may serve as its hub or hubs, and the metropolitan area is normally named after either the largest or most of Upper Austria Upper Austria is one of the nine states or Bundesländer of Austria. Its capital is Linz. Upper Austria borders on Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as on the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria, and Salzburg. With an area of 11,980 km² and 1.3 million inhabitants, Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area, home to around one third of the state's population (460,000 people) and second-largest urban area in Austria.[5][6]

Districts

Linz is divided into 9 districts and 36 statistical quarters. They are:

  1. Innenstadt: Altstadtviertel, Rathausviertel, Kaplanhofviertel, Neustadtviertel, Volksgartenviertel, Römerberg-Margarethen
  2. Waldegg: Freinberg, Froschberg, Keferfeld, Bindermichl, Spallerhof, Wankmüllerhofviertel, Andreas-Hofer-Platz-Viertel
  3. Lustenau: Makartviertel, Franckviertel, Hafenviertel
  4. St. Peter
  5. Kleinmünchen: Kleinmünchen, Neue Welt, Scharlinz, Bergern, Neue Heimat, Wegscheid, Schörgenhub
  6. Ebelsberg
  7. Urfahr: Alt-Urfahr, Heilham, Hartmayrsiedlung, Harbachsiedlung, Karlhofsiedlung, Auberg
  8. Pöstlingberg:Pöstlingberg, Bachl-Gründberg
  9. St. Magdalena: St. Magdalena, Katzbach, Elmberg

Economy

Linz is an industrial Industry refers to the production of an economic good within an economy. There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction, and manufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law city. The Voestalpine AG voestalpine AG is an international steel company based in Linz, Austria. The company is active in steel, automotive, railway systems, profilform and Tool Steel industries is a large steel concern Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing (founded as the "Hermann Göring Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering; German pronunciation: [ˈɡœʁɪŋ] ; 12 January 1893– 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. Among many offices, he was Hitler's designated successor, and commander of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force). He was a veteran of the First World War as an Werke" during World War II), and which is known for the LD- ("Linz-Donawitz" Basic oxygen steelmaking is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbon-rich molten pig iron is made into steel. The LD-converter is named after the Austrian placenames Linz and Donawitz (a district of Leoben). The vast majority of steel manufactured in the world is produced using the basic oxygen furnace. Modern furnaces will take a charge of) procedure for the production of steel, and the former "Chemie Linz" chemical group, which has been split up into several companies. This has made Linz one of Austria's most important economic centres. Linz is also the home of Pez PEZ is the brand name of an Austrian confectionery and the pocket mechanical dispensers it was sold in. The confectionery itself takes the shape of pressed, dry, straight-edged blocks (15mm long, 8mm wide and 5mm high), with PEZ dispensers holding 12 PEZ pieces ( makers of peppermint candy).

Traffic

Linz serves as an important transportation hub for the region of both Upper Austria and, to a lesser degree, southern Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: Čechy; German: Böhmen ; Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague. In a broader meaning, it often refers to the entire Czech territory,.

The "Blue Danube" Linz Airport lies about 6.25 miles (10 km) southwest of the town centre. Direct flights include Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁaŋkfʊɐt am ˈmaɪn] , English: /ˈfræŋkfərt/), commonly known simply as Frankfurt, is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2009 population of 667,330. The urban area had an estimated population of 2,295,000 in 2010. The city is at the centre, Düsseldorf Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and center of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region and Vienna Vienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area,[citation needed] more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and with additional seasonal routes added during the summer and winter months. Ryanair Ryanair is an Irish low-cost airline with its head office at Dublin Airport, Ireland, and with primary operational bases at Dublin Airport and London Stansted Airport flies to London Stansted Airport London Stansted Airport is a passenger airport located at Stansted Mountfitchet in the local government district of Uttlesford in Essex, 48 km (30 mi) north-east of central London. It is 2.5 NM (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) north northeast of Bishop's Stortford and about 6 mi (9.7 km) outside Harlow.

The city also has a Hauptbahnhof (German German (Deutsch, [ˈdɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language, thus related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. It is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. Globally, German is spoken by approximately 120 million native speakers and also by about 80 million non-native speakers: central station) on Austria's main rail axis, the West railway, linking Vienna with western Austria, Germany and Switzerland. There are also varying types of river transport on the Danube, from industrial barges to tourist cruise ships.

The Brucknerhaus The Eisenbahnbrücke (railway bridge) at night, with the more modern VöestAlpine bridge in the background The Lentos Art Museum

Points of interest

The main street "Landstraße" leads from the "Blumauerplatz" to the main square. In the middle of this square the high "Pestsäule" ("plague column", also known as "Dreifaltigkeitssäule" (Dreifaltigkeit means Holy Trinity)) was built to remember the people who died in the plague epidemics.[7][8]

Near the castle, being the former seat of Friedrich the III — the oldest Austrian church is located: Sankt/Saint Martins church. It was built during early medieval Carolingian times.[9]

Other points of interest include:

Culture

The city is now home to a vibrant music and arts scene that is well-funded by the city and the state of Upper Austria. Between the Lentos Art Museum and the "Brucknerhaus", is the "Donaulände", which is also referred to as "Kulturmeile" ("culture mile"). This is a park alongside the river, which is used mainly by young people to relax and meet in summer. It is also used for the Ars Electronica Festival and the "Linz Fest".[15] Linz has other culture institutions, such as the Posthof, which is near the harbour,[16] and the Stadtwerkstatt, which is by the Danube river.[17] The Pflasterspektakel, an international street art festival, takes place each year in July in and around the Landstraße and the main square.[18] Linz was the European Capital of Culture in 2009, along with Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania.[19]

Art

The recently built Lentos (2003) is a modern art gallery, presenting art from the 20th and 21st centuries. It is situated on the south banks of the river Danube. The building can be illuminated at night from the inside with blue, pink, red, and violet, due to its glass casing.

The Ars Electronica Center (AEC) is a museum and research facility on the north bank of the Danube (in the Urfahr district), across the river from the Hauptplatz (main square). The AEC is a significant world center for new media arts, attracting a large gathering of technologically-oriented artists every year for the Ars Electronica festival. The AEC museum is home to one of the few public 3D CAVEs in Europe.

Music

The Brucknerhaus, the most important concert hall in Linz is named after Anton Bruckner. It is situated just some 200 meters away from the "Lentos". It is home to the "Bruckner Orchestra", and is frequently used for concerts, as well as Balls and other events.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote his Symphony No. 36 (1783) in Linz for a concert to be given there, and the work is known today as the Linz Symphony. The first version of Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 1 in C minor is known as the Linz version.

Colleges and universities

Amongst the many "Gymnasien" (high schools) in Linz, is Linz International School Auhof (LISA), which is one of four IB (International Baccalaureate) schools in Austria, and uses English as main language for instruction.

Born in Linz

Living in Linz:

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria

Twin towns — Sister cities

Linz is twinned with:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Paul Hofmann (1987-04-05). "Letting Linz Castle cast a spell". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9B0DEED9163BF936A35757C0A961948260&scp=5. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
  2. ^ "Linz City Travel Guide". About Austria. http://www.aboutaustria.org/capitals/linz.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
  3. ^ Lundy, Darryl. "A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe". The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p11357.htm#i113570. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
  4. ^ Kershaw, Ian. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris. New York: Norton, 1998. p.15
  5. ^ City of Linz Website statistik.at – Retrieved 31 October 2007
  6. ^ Population linz.at/zahlen – Retrieved 31 October 2007
  7. ^ The Plague Column liwest.at – Retrieved 31 October 2007
  8. ^ The top of the column linz.at – Retrieved 31 October 2007
  9. ^ "St. Martin's Church, Linz (in English)". Linz City Tourist Board. http://www.linz.at/english/Tourism/1146.asp. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  10. ^ "Mariendom (New Cathedral in Linz)". Mariendom. http://www.dioezese-linz.at/redaktion/index.php?page_new=2500. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  11. ^ Brucknerhaus andreas-praefcke.de – Retrieved 31 October 2007
  12. ^ "LASK". LASK. http://lask.at/content/lask/home/startseite/index_ger.html. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  13. ^ George Tabori. "Mein Kampf: Farce in fünf Akten" (in German). Landestheater. http://www.landestheater-linz.at/490_DE-Stuecke-Stueckinfo.htm?stueckid=173. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  14. ^ "Die Spielzeit 2007/2008". Landestheater. http://www.landestheater-linz.at/257_DE. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  15. ^ The Lentos homepage lentos.at – Retrieved 10 November 2007
  16. ^ "Welcome Posthof 04 2008". Posthof. http://www.posthof.at/. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  17. ^ "Stadtwerkstadt". Stadtwerkstadt. http://www.servus.at/stwst/. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  18. ^ "Pflasterspektakel Festival". Magistrat der Landeshauptstadt Linz. http://www.pflasterspektakel.at/eng/index_default.asp. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  19. ^ "European Capital of Culture". Linz Tourist Board. http://www.linz09.at/en/index.html. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  20. ^ "Fred Astaire (1899–1987) aka Frederick Austerlitz". Hyde Flippo. http://www.germanhollywood.com/astaire.html#pop4. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  21. ^ "Andrew Edge". Andrew Edge. http://www.andrewedge.com/. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  22. ^ "Doug Hammond biog". Doug Hammond. http://www.doughammond.org/. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  23. ^ Sulzer, Balduin. "Das musikalische Nashorn" (in German). Gerhard Brössner. http://www.ooejo.eduhi.at/Freiberufliches/Das%20musikalische%20Nashorn/Das%20musikalische%20Nashorn.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-06.

External links

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